2017年10月24日，国际学术权威刊物自然出版集团旗下子刊《Cell Research》杂志在线发表了中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所陈化兰研究组题为“H7N9 virulent mutants detected in chickens in China pose an increased threat to humans”的一篇研究论文，论文报道了我国H7N9病毒变异与防控方面的研究成果。施建忠副研究员等6人为共同第一作者，陈化兰研究员为通讯作者。

 

自2013年以来，H7N9病毒给我国家禽业发展和人的健康带来极大危害。近日，国家禽流感参考实验室经过近4年的系统监测和研究显示，H7N9病毒发生重要变异，致病性显著增强，呼吁采取全面措施彻底根除H7N9病毒。

 

2013年7月至2017年1月期间，哈尔滨兽医研究所国家禽流感参考实验室从二十多个省的活禽市场、家禽养殖场和屠宰场共采集11万多份样品，分离到293株H7N9流感病毒。基因组解析发现这些病毒频繁重组，共形成23种不同基因型，90%以上的毒株具有对人易感的分子特点。重要的是，今年1月在广东分离的7株病毒在血凝素基因裂解位点发生变异。动物实验发现，这类变异株对鸡具有高致死性，对小鼠和雪貂无致病力，但在雪貂体内复制一代后即可获得适应哺乳动物关键突变，突变后的毒株对小鼠的致病力增加万倍以上，可引起雪貂严重发病、死亡，并在雪貂之间经呼吸道飞沫传播。值得担忧的是，H7N9病毒在人体内复制时极易获得这种突变。

 

这项历时近4年的系统监测和研究，全面揭示了H7N9病毒的进化和变异情况，率先发现了高致病性H7N9病毒，并且证明了它们对人蕴藏更大危害。因为涉及重大动物疫病防控和公共卫生安全，相关研究发现实时上报政府有关部门，为家禽和人H7N9流感防控政策制定提供了重要科学依据。卫生系统据此加强和细化了人感染H7N9病毒的筛查和鉴别诊断，及时发现了人感染高致病性H7N9流感病毒病例。农业部对H7N9病毒防控做出重要部署，制定了切实可行的综合防控策略。在今年3月到8月之间扑杀和销毁100多万只鸡，控制了多起H7N9高致病性禽流感疫情。

 

在进一步加大监测的基础上，对疫苗免疫的有效性和可行性进行了评估和论证。国家禽流感参考实验室研发的“H5+H7二价灭活疫苗”可同时预防家禽的H5和H7高、低致病性流感病毒，已于今年“秋防”投入应用，将在阻止家禽H7N9病毒传播，减少环境病毒载量，阻断人感染H7N9病毒等方面发挥重要作用。

 

 

原文链接：H7N9 virulent mutants detected in chickens in China pose an increased threat to humans

 

原文摘要：Certain low pathogenic avian influenza viruses can mutate to highly pathogenic viruses when they circulate in domestic poultry, at which point they can cause devastating poultry diseases and severe economic damage. The H7N9 influenza viruses that emerged in 2013 in China had caused severe human infections and deaths. However, these viruses were nonlethal in poultry. It is unknown whether the H7N9 viruses can acquire additional mutations during their circulation in nature and become lethal to poultry and more dangerous for humans. Here, we evaluated the evolution of H7N9 viruses isolated from avian species between 2013 and 2017 in China and found 23 different genotypes, 7 of which were detected only in ducks and were genetically distinct from the other 16 genotypes that evolved from the 2013 H7N9 viruses. importantly, some H7N9 viruses obtained an insertion of four amino acids in their hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site and were lethal in chickens. The index strain was not lethal in mice or ferrets, but readily obtained the 627K or 701N mutation in its PB2 segment upon replication in ferrets, causing it to become highly lethal in mice and ferrets and to be transmitted efficiently in ferrets by respiratory droplet. H7N9 viruses bearing the HA insertion and PB2 627K mutation have been detected in humans in China. Our study indicates that the new H7N9 mutants are lethal to chickens and pose an increased threat to human health, and thus highlights the need to control and eradicate the H7N9 viruses to prevent a possible pandemic.