美国Canisius学院一项研究提示，黑猩猩和人类使用类似的机制压制竞争并实现共同目标。人类之间的竞争被各种灵活的强制策略限制。Malini Suchak及其同事检验了人类的最近亲之一的黑猩猩是否有能力使用类似的策略抑制竞争。向一组11只户外饲养的黑猩猩提供了一项任务，在这项任务中，要求2只或3只黑猩猩同时拉两个机关从而获得奖励。这些黑猩猩自由选择它们自己的伙伴，这带来了合作或者不劳而获的机会。尽管在早期有较高程度的竞争，总体上的合作互动的可能性至少是竞争性互动的5倍。观察到的这种5：1的比例在人类的合作事业中也是典型的。不劳而获是指试图窃取他人的奖励。多数不劳而获的尝试遇到了一个或者更多的强制机制，诸如抗议、攻击行为，或者第三方的干预，或者其他的策略，诸如在不劳而获者离开之前停止拉动机关，或者机关中撤出。在该研究的末尾，互动几乎完全是合作性的。这组作者说，这些结果提示，黑猩猩能够通过抑制竞争从而促进合作。

原文链接：How chimpanzees cooperate in a competitive world

原文摘要：Our species is routinely depicted as unIQue in its ABIlity to achieve cooperation, whereas our closest relative, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), is often characterized as overly competitive. human cooperation is assisted by the cost attached to competitive tendencies through enforcement mechanisms, such as punishment and partner choICE. To examine if chimpanzees possess the same ability to mitigate competition, we set up a cooperative task in the presence of the entire group of 11 adults, which required two or three individuals to pull jointly to receive rewards. This open-group set-up provided ample opportunity for competition (e.g., freeloading, displacements) and aggression. Despite this unique set-up and initial competitiveness, cooperation prevailed in the end, being at least five times as common as competition. The chimpanzees performed 3,565 cooperative acts while using a variety of enforcement mechanisms to overcome competition and freeloading, as measured by (attempted) thefts of rewards. These mechanisms included direct protest by the target, third-party punishment in which dominant individuals intervened against freeloaders, and partner choice. There was a marked difference between freeloading and displacement; freeloading tended to elicit withdrawal and third-party interventions, whereas displacements were met with a higher rate of direct retaliation. Humans have shown similar responses in controlled experiments, suggesting shared mechanisms across the primates to mitigate competition for the sake of cooperation.