成人每天能产生大量的凋亡细胞,比如大脑中的神经元,能存活下来的并不多,大部分都被吞噬细胞清除了,但是当吞噬细胞清楚死亡细胞的时候,它实质上使其细胞内容增加了一倍,但是吞噬细胞却能够一个接一个地消化几个凋亡的细胞,而且这个过程对于生长发育,组织动态平衡,以及免疫应答很重要。迄今为止科学家们对于这个机制了解的并不多。
在最新这篇文章中,研究人员发现吞噬细胞上的线粒体膜蛋白能调控吞噬细胞的吞噬能力,保持其平衡。这种蛋白即Ucp2,之前的研究发现Ucp2与代谢疾病和动脉粥样硬化。而这项研究则证明Ucp2能降低线粒体膜电位,调控吞噬细胞吞噬凋亡细胞的能力。
研究人员还进行了Ucp2缺失实验,结果证明缺失Ucp2会导致吞噬能力下降,而Ucp2过量表达则会增加吞噬能力。突变和药理学研究实验表明了Ucp2介导的线粒体功能在吞噬过程中扮演了重要的角色。
总而言之,这些实验数据都说明了线粒体膜蛋白电位和Ucp2是吞噬细胞吞噬能力的关键点。而且Ucp2与线粒体疾病和动脉粥样硬化有关,因此这项研究也有助于揭示这些疾病的复杂病因和病理机制。
除此之外,这一研究组近期还与弗吉尼亚州立大学的另一研究组合作,揭示了死亡神经元被清除和新神经元形成的机制。这有助于设计新型疗法,促进成人大脑神经形成,帮助那些抑郁症、外伤压迫导致脑功能障碍的患者重新恢复大脑功能,有望改变人的基本认知功能,带来新的学习方法。
研究人员发现了一种称为微管相关蛋白—正向神经元(DCX+)的特殊祖细胞,该祖细胞具有双重调节功能,控制着新生神经元是发育成熟还是被清除。一般祖细胞是机体的修复系统,负责补充某种特殊细胞,对血液、皮肤和肠道组织进行维护。
原文摘要:
Continued clearance of apoptotic cells critically depends on the phagocyte Ucp2 protein
Rapid and efficient removal of apoptotic cells by phagocytes is important during development, tissue homeostasis and in immune responses1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Efficient clearance depends on the capacity of a single phagocyte to ingest multiple apoptotic cells successively, and to process the corpse-derived cellular material6. However, the factors that influence continued clearance by phagocytes are not known. Here we show that the mitochondrial membrane potential of the phagocyte critically controls engulfment capacity, with lower potential enhancing engulfment and vice versa. The mitochondrial membrane protein Ucp2, which acts to lower the mitochondrial membrane potential7, 8, 9, was upregulated in phagocytes engulfing apoptotic cells. Loss of Ucp2 reduced phagocytic capacity, whereas Ucp2 overexpression enhanced engulfment. Mutational and pharmacological studies indicated a direct role for Ucp2-mediated mitochondrial function in phagocytosis. Macrophages from Ucp2-deficient mice10, 11 were impaired in phagocytosis in vitro, and Ucp2-deficient mice showed profound in vivo defects in clearing dying cells in the thymus and testes. Collectively, these data indicate that mitochondrial membrane potential and Ucp2 are key molecular determinants of apoptotic cell clearance. As Ucp2 is linked to metabolic diseases and atherosclerosis11, 12, this newly discovered role for Ucp2 in apoptotic cell clearance has implications for the complex aetiology and pathogenesis of these diseases.