鸟类能理解其他物种警报

来源:科学网 发布时间:2008年11月26日 浏览次数: 【字体: 收藏 打印文章

学习一门外语绝对是个挑战,但有时却是必须的,对于澳大利亚细尾鹩莺而言更是如此——这种小鸟靠着偷听邻近鸟类的警报来逃脱食雀鹰的利爪。一项新的研究显示,细尾鹩莺之所以能够识别这些叫声,并非因为它们听起来与自己的叫声类似,而是因为这些小鸟已经搞清了其中的含义。

具有警报性质的叫声是动物抵御外敌入侵的第一招,特别是当猛禽来袭时,那些群居生活的小型鸟类更是会叽叽喳喳叫个不停。一些鸟类具有复杂的叫声体系,还有一些鸟类在自己鸣叫的同时还会聆听其他鸟类的叫声。这项研究的第一作者、澳大利亚堪培拉市国立大学的生物学家Rob Magrath指出,其实偷听是一个不错的备份策略,这是因为“鸟类不再需要……亲自看到入侵者”,同时能够有更多的时间用来觅食。但是鸟类如何听懂其他鸟类发出的红色警报呢?

Magrath和他的同事将研究目标锁定在细尾鹩莺和灌木鹩莺上——这是两种以昆虫为食的澳大利亚小鸟,它们同时又是猛禽喜爱的猎物。在这项试验的第一阶段,研究小组录制了灌木鹩莺看到假食雀鹰后发出的警报叫声。随后,研究人员向生活在两种不同环境——堪培拉市(细尾鹩莺和灌木鹩莺混居)和麦克夸利河湿地(仅有细尾鹩莺独居)——中的细尾鹩莺播放了上述录音。结果显示,当听到灌木鹩莺的叫声后,生活在堪培拉的细尾鹩莺会掩护其他同伴飞走,而生活在麦克夸利河湿地的细尾鹩莺则并不理睬这些叫声。

Magrath表示,这些发现表明,细尾鹩莺已经知道灌木鹩莺的叫声代表什么含义了。他解释说,细尾鹩莺和灌木鹩莺的警报叫声听起来非常类似,因此如果细尾鹩莺之所以识别这些警报仅仅是因为它们听起来很像,那么生活在麦克夸利河湿地的细尾鹩莺也应该飞走才对。研究人员同时发现,细尾鹩莺还能够听懂其他一些差异显著的警报叫声,例如新荷兰蜜雀——另一种在堪培拉市很常见的小鸟——的叫声。尽管在程度和频率上存在明显差异,但是当研究小组播放新荷兰蜜雀的红色警报时,细尾鹩莺同样也会飞走。研究小组在最近的英国《皇家学会学报B》网络版上报告了这一研究成果。

擅长研究鸟类用声音传递信息的英国布里斯托尔大学的生物学家Andrew Radford认为这一发现非常引人注目。Radford表示:“这篇论文提供了迄今为止最有力的间接证据,表明学习真的在鸟类如何理解其他物种的警报中扮演了一个重要角色。”

推荐原始出处:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B,doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1368,Robert D. Magrath,Janet L. Gardner

Recognition of other species' aerial alarm calls: speaking the same language or learning another?

Robert D. Magrath1, Benjamin J. Pitcher1, Janet L. Gardner1

1 School of Botany & Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia

Alarm calls given by other species potentially provide a network of information about danger, but little is known about the role of acoustic similarity compared with learning in recognition of heterospecific calls. In particular, the aerial ‘hawk’ alarm calls of passerines provide a textbook example of signal design because many species have converged on a design that thwarts eavesdropping by hawks, and call similarity might therefore allow recognition. We measured the response of fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) to playback of acoustically similar scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis) aerial alarm calls. First, if call similarity prompts escape independent of learning, then fairy-wrens should flee to playback of scrubwren calls outside their geographical range. However, fairy-wrens fled only in sympatry. Second, if call similarity is necessary for learning heterospecific calls, then fairy-wrens should not respond to sympatric species with different calls. We found, on the contrary, that fairy-wrens fled to the very different aerial alarm calls of a honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae). Furthermore, response to the honeyeater depended on the specific structure of the call, not acoustic similarity. Overall, call similarity was neither sufficient nor necessary for interspecific recognition, implying learning is essential in the complex task of sifting the acoustic world for cues about danger.

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