之前的研究表明,胚胎内胚层细胞能够到达胚胎的外表面,并使内脏内胚层细胞连续成片地转移到胚胎的外围。为了更细致地研究这一转移过程,美国纽约市Sloan-Kettering研究所的Kat Hadjantonakis和同事利用遗传学手段对这些内脏内胚层细胞进行了标记——通过受α-胎蛋白(一种内脏内胚层标记物)控制的绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的表达,并且在活晶胚中对其进行定时显微录像研究。
对图像数据的三维重建显示,位于胚胎后部以及末梢的对GFP呈正感应性的内脏内胚层细胞并没有转移到胚胎外的区域,它们依然与外胚叶连接在一起。而单纯对GFP呈负感应性的内胚层细胞则插入到对GFP呈正感应性的细胞中间,从而导致了后者在这一区域呈现的离散模式。这些结果得到了两个额外的遗传标记方法的证实,它们表明,覆盖外胚叶的呈离散状态的细胞群并非源自外胚叶,而是来自于内脏内胚层。
研究人员发现,在经历分化且对GFP呈正感应性的邻近细胞界面上的紧密连接和黏着连接被重新改造,从而促进了细胞的离散过程——他们利用特殊的标记物观察了这一过程。除此之外,尽管与源自外胚叶的细胞相比速度较慢,但离散的内脏内胚层细胞群一直在持续增生扩散。但是这些细胞群在随后的发育过程中又发生了什么呢?
研究人员在后来的阶段对晶胚进行了成像研究——大约在8.75个胚胎日龄,结果显示,源自内脏内胚层的细胞合并进入了肠管的柱形上皮细胞,而这通常被认为是仅有外胚叶细胞能够参与的过程。研究人员在最近出版的《发育细胞》杂志上报告了这一研究成果。
就像Hadjantonakis指出的那样,提到这些源自内脏内胚层的细胞,“在体内平衡和疾病状态下时,搞清楚它们的确切位置,以及是否与源自外胚叶的内胚叶细胞具有分子学和功能差异,都是至关重要的”。无论如何,现在人们已经可以开始更新他们的教科书了。
推荐原始出处:
Developmental Cell,doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2008.07.017,Gloria S. Kwon,Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
The Endoderm of the Mouse Embryo Arises by Dynamic Widespread Intercalation of Embryonic and Extraembryonic Lineages
Gloria S. Kwon1,2,Manuel Viotti1,3andAnna-Katerina Hadjantonakis1,,
1 Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
2 Neuroscience Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
3 Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
The cell movements underlying the morphogenesis of the embryonic endoderm, the tissue that will give rise to the respiratory and digestive tracts, are complex and not well understood. Using live imaging combined with genetic labeling, we investigated the cell behaviors and fate of the visceral endoderm during gut endoderm formation in the mouse gastrula. Contrary to the prevailing view, our data reveal no mass displacement of visceral endoderm to extraembryonic regions concomitant with the emergence of epiblast-derived definitive endoderm. Instead, we observed dispersal of the visceral endoderm epithelium and extensive mixing between cells of visceral endoderm and epiblast origin. Visceral endoderm cells remained associated with the epiblast and were incorporated into the early gut tube. Our findings suggest that the segregation of extraembryonic and embryonic tissues within the mammalian embryo is not as strict as believed and that a lineage previously defined as exclusively extraembryonic contributes cells to the embryo.